THE COST OF CORRUPTION & THE POWER OF INTEGRITY

We are a group of determined IIMS College students who have come together with a common goal: to defend the principles of integrity and transparency. Our mission is to raise awareness about corruption, promote accountability, and support anti-corruption activities in any manner possible. 

We believe that corruption is unacceptable and is committed to becoming a part of the solution. We hope that this blog will inform, inspire, and support ethical practices, thereby making a positive difference in the fight against corruption worldwide.

Thank you for joining us on this crucial journey! Let us work together to raise awareness and encourage integrity everywhere.

OUR TEAM

 PRASIDDHI BHOCHHIBHOYA

(Role: Editor, Researcher, Writer)

SHREYA BALAYA SHRESTHA

(Role: Researcher, Writer)

PALISTHA MAHARJAN 

(Role: Writer)

WELCOME SHRESTHA

(Role: Researcher, Writer)

SANKET BHATTARAI

(Role: Researcher)

HRISHI KHATRI

(Role: Writer)

JENISH RAJBHAHAK

(Role: Researcher)

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PROJECT TIMELINE

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INTRODUCTION: WHAT CAN YOU EXPECT FROM THE BLOG?

The world isn't black and white. It's shades of gray. The universe is a tremendous symphony, with an infinite number of gray shades in between; most of our moral judgments are trying to do the right thing under trying conditions. Integrity and standing up to corruption were the battle cries since tender years. But what if the price of integrity is your livelihood or that of your family? Would you go all the way, even stake your future, for a mere word called integrity?

In this blog, what will be discussed is the complicated, often tumultuous relationship of corruption to personal integrity. From our research and discussions, we scrutinize just how deep an impact corruption may have on one's moral compass and how a system of continuous corruption can chip away at one's ethical principles over time. We also explore the hard decisions that people face in weighing integrity against self-preservation, showing how integrity can sometimes be too costly when weighed against personal or financial security. We also delve into the psychological burden of dealing with a corrupt environment in terms of stress, moral conflict, and disillusionment.

Our blog will also discuss short- and long-term impacts that choosing corruption over integrity have. Yet, as much as corruption pays dividends immediately, we discuss how it tends to contribute to greater harm in the long run for the individual and society at large. Our aim is to provide the reader with an overall understanding while stimulating reflection on one's values and the broader implications of one's choices. By disseminating this knowledge, we further encourage more reflective practice of ethics and advance ways to foster integrity, even in adversity.

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RESEARCH BACKGROUND

INTEGRITY

Integrity describes honesty and ethical behavior of a person and continuity: it involves saying what one does, doing what one says; thus, one's actions are consistent with one's stated values and principles.

Ethics/moral philosophy: Debate on integrity has been extensively ranged across moral philosophy, particularly from thinkers like Immanuel Kant, who pressed that acting in conformity with moral ideals regardless of the consequences was the most leading way to act. The philosophy of Kantian ethics cites integrity as the backbone of ethical behaviour-a person should act in accordance with universal moral laws.

Integrity as Consistency: In organisational theories, integrity is usually defined as consistency in the values and actions of persons or institutions. In that respect, the concept agrees with work by Lennick, Kiel 2005, which has argued that moral intelligence is an organisation's capability to control its activities in respect of ethical principles dependent on integrity.

Virtue Ethics: Aristotelian virtue ethics provides a theoretical framework through which integrity as a personal virtue could be conceptualised whereby people try to develop qualities such as honesty, courage, and justice. This concept has often been applied within leadership studies when describing how leaders with integrity generate trust and accountability within organisations.

ANTI-CORRUPTION

Anti-corruption  relates to acts that oppose or inhibit corruption. Anti-corruption measures, like corruption, come in a variety of sizes and approaches. Anti-corruption  relates to acts that oppose or inhibit corruption. Anti-corruption measures, like corruption, come in a variety of sizes and approaches.

The Systemic Corruption: Corruption can be analysed here at the systemic level, with respect to becoming systemic within an organisation and society. As such, corruption becomes institutionalised, normal, and anti-corruption efforts are usually ineffective due to institutional failures and a lack of political will.

Principal-Agent Theory: is a highly useful paradigm to understand corruption in great detail. In this model, corruption implies that the agent, say a public official, acts in his or her self-interest rather than the interest of the principal, say the general public or a governing body. Klitgaard (1988) suggested a widely used formula in estimating corruption: Corruption = Monopoly + Discretion - Accountability. It held that the greater the degree of authority given to an individual or entity unchecked by accountability, the more corruption would rise.

Corruption as a Collective Action Problem: Current research done by scholars such as Bo Rothstein views corruption more as a problem of collective action rather than as an individual failing of morality. In such a kind of paradigm, corruption will persist when people feel that everybody else is corrupt, to which it then becomes the rationale of one's own part to engage in corrupt behaviour. Solutions then would need structural adjustments in the form of increased trust in institutions and changes in public attitudes.

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Relationship Between Integrity and Anti-corruption

Institutional Integrity and Corruption Control: In fact, some researchers have drawn a link between organisational integrity and anti-corruption effectiveness. According to Huberts (2014), integrity management in public administration is a sine qua non in preventing corruption since it creates conditions that attract ethical behaviour and discourage corrupt practices. He concludes from his research that integrity and anti-corruption go hand in hand and need to be integrated into each other for the building up of resilient institutions.

Ethics and Compliance Programs: Beyond traditional enforcement tools, it has become a truism that modern programs tend to stress the encouragement of integrity. Indeed, Treviño and Weaver (2003) write on the implication of ethics and compliance programs for firms, underscoring the value of rule-based and values-based approaches to promoting integrity. These programs often include training, codes of conduct, and ethical leadership with the express purpose of preventing corruption by building an internal culture of integrity.

Mechanisms of Transparency and Accountability: A few authors, such as Johnston in 2005, view transparency and accountability as the two significant mechanisms that would encourage integrity and reduce corruption. Some of the public accountability procedures include audits, freedom of information laws, and independent monitoring organisations to ensure public officials and institutions conduct their work within the bounds of ethics. Transparency International views corruption as not being effectively tackled by punishments alone; open governance and public participation need to be developed.

The literature on integrity and anti-corruption is very insistent on the deep conceptual and practical coincidence of these two areas. Principal-Agent and Collective Action theories constitute a framework for analyzing the dynamics of corruption; moral philosophy and institutional ethics reflect upon the need for integrity when setting up organizations and communities with high ethical standards. Contemporary anti-corruption policies increasingly include the promotion of integrity within wider governance reforms, given the perception that deep change over the long term requires the dual-track approach of preventing corrupt behavior and establishing a culture of ethical accountability.

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RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

The aim is always to gain insight into how corruption seriously degrades personal integrity.  It is in this context that corrupt settings tear away at personal values, making individuals make compromises in life to which they contribute through ethical decay. This, in turn, serves to enhance our awareness of how corruption undermines the moral fabric of society at large. 

More importantly, we are going to discuss the different ramifications when integrity overshadows self-maintenance both in the short and long run. We realize that living according to one's values can sometimes be difficult in situations of financial or social duress. However, we believe that such lives are better lived and more balanced. Our study will shed light on the difficulties accruing and payoffs from adhering to integrity when it is hard to do so.

Another critical objective is to study the psychological impact of working in corrupt systems. Corruption influences not only social structures but also the psychology of individuals. We attempt to examine how chronic exposure to unethical contexts influences personal identity, self-worth, and mental health. These will help understand the impact of promoting systemic change by showing the hidden costs of corruption at a more personal level.

Our research will also dwell on a comparative analysis of the short-term and long-term impacts of settling between corruption and integrity. As much as corruption may tend to look an easy way out, alluring profits, its long-term consequences can be disastrous and may affect an individual, a community, and society at large. This, through an integrative analysis, can give a compelling understanding that every decision on corruption leaves far-reaching ripples.

The promotion of self-reflection as a central goal of our research is to invite people to look hard at their own choices and the systems within which they operate. In fostering such self-awareness, we also enable integrity-based choices by people whenever they face tough situations. We would love our blog to spur a discussion on how personal integrity may form one of the foundational pillars in combating corruption.

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Multifaceted in nature is our research methodology for the study of integrity and corruption. We applied different strategies to gather diverse perspectives and in-depth insights into carrying out research with regard to how those themes are entangled and influence one another.

We first conducted an extensive search of blog articles, opinion pieces, and case studies reflecting personal and collective experiences with integrity and corruption. These narratives provided us with illustrations from real life by highlighting how people and institutions grapple with ethical dilemmas. Such material proved very useful for this reason: it gave us a grassroots perspective of the difficulties people faced when trying to navigate corrupt environments while still retaining integrity.

We also looked into historical cases of corruption: political scandals and fraud involving corporate corporations and whistleblowers. Through the narration, it was decisions by key individuals and their consequences that were judged in providing a platform on which to view both the short-term and long-term impacts of corruption in our society. The historical view allowed us to see patterns, recurrent themes, and lessons to be drawn that are relevant even today.

We also sought to add academic weight by consulting scholarly research and peer-reviewed articles on ethics, psychology, and organizational behavior. This allowed us to contextualize our findings within established theories and frameworks, providing a more robust understanding of how integrity is tested in corrupt systems. These academic resources provided empirical evidence and deeper insights into the psychological effects of corruption, the social and economic consequences of maintaining integrity, and how corruption impacts institutions and individuals in the long run.

Such a combination of personal narratives, historical analysis, and academic research has thus enabled us to approach corruption and integrity from a wide variety of perspectives, which also gave an opportunity for interesting discussions and coming up with well-rounded conclusions on the topic of the influence of corruption on integrity and vice versa. At the end, this kind of methodology gave an opportunity to create a nuanced understanding of the topic that inspires further reflection and action on the part of our readers.

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FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

The important discussions and related themes presented in this blog are impossible to engage without initially defining the main concepts of corruption and integrity. According to the World Bank, corruption is described as "the abuse of power for private gain," thus indicating that corruption has very serious and broader reaches than can be imagined. Corruption is not only a subnational phenomenon; it is rather systemic and an international problem. High perceived levels of corruption in many countries of the world have obstructed economic development and, apart from this, have managed to erode social trust, undermine governance, and weaken individual morality.

Integrity, on the other hand, is generally thought to encompass honesty and high morals. It serves as a personal guide through difficult decisions regarding right versus wrong, particularly when faced with corrupt situations. Integrity has been thought of as a basis on which ethical decisions can be made by providing a moral boundary to steer someone in the right direction when options are difficult to weigh and consider.

However, matters are never this black-and-white. Is the perpetrator always wrong, and the victim always right? Many times, the one possessing the power determines who is perceived as the victim and who is to be labeled the perpetrator. Having the power of the pen or language gives them many opportunities to distort the truth and redefine roles accordingly in any manner they please. The fluidity of power and truth in a corrupt system can create an illusion of reality distorting in manners that caricature morality into all too easily twisted directions for the service of selfish interests. The sad fact is that the world we are living in is less than ideal. There are several individuals out there with ulterior motives who use their positions of authority to further themselves or for their selfish benefits. Oftentimes, the ones at the top relish in treading upon the weak underneath them, perpetuating a vicious circle of injustice and inequality.

Now, what would happen if a person with a strong integrity were to be working or living in a corrupt environment? They would have to make a very hard choice between protecting themselves and their family or risking all of it for morality. To take a deep dive and understand such situations let’s take a look at some cases where this has happened.

MALALA YOUSAFZAI

Context:

Malala Yousafzai spoke out against the corrupt Taliban regime for education and dignity not only for herself but also for girls and women in her community. She refused to be silenced and pursued her mission with steadfast integrity.

Consequences:

It was this commitment to her ideals that made her a target and brought her life into immediate danger. The Taliban responded with a shot which struck her in 2012, giving her immense physical and emotional trauma. Malala continued her advocacy, becoming a worldwide symbol of courage and the fight for girls' education.

DANIEL ELLSBERG

Context:

He leaked the Pentagon Papers, revealing that the U.S government had misled the public about the Vietnam War. This action allowed him to open the eyes of many citizens as well as protect his integrity.

Consequences:

For doing so, he faced multiple legal charges as well as immense pressure and threats.

CHELSEA MANNING

Context:

She leaked classified documents showcasing human rights abuse in Iraq and Afghanistan.

Consequences:

Those actions caused her to lose her job as U.S. Army intelligence analyst and faced 35 years in prison

EDWARD SNOWDEN

Context:

He spilled classified reports in 2013 that uncovered mass reconnaissance programs conducted by the U.S. government, counting the collection of information on millions of U.S. citizens and remote nationals.

Consequences:

He was charged beneath the Secret activities Act and fled the U.S to maintain a strategic distance from arraignment. He presently lives in banish in Russia.

Dr. GOVINDA K.C

(A conspicuous orthopedic specialist and a dynamic anti-corruption devotee in Nepal's restorative division)

Context:

Dr K.C. challenged against debasement in Nepal's restorative instruction framework, blaming capable lawmakers and businesspeople of impacting restorative arrangements and confirmations for individual picks up.

Consequences:

He has been over and over captured and confronted lawful challenges due to his starvation strikes and challenge.

SATYANDRA DUBEY

(An engineer working on India's National Thruways Specialist)

Context:

Dubey uncovered debasement in a interstate development venture by detailing acts of neglect and abuse of stores within the Golden Quadrilateral venture specifically to the Prime Minister's Office in 2013.

Consequences:

He was killed in 2003 in the blink of an eye after his whistleblowing. His passing started a shock and highlighted the need for security for whistleblowers in India.

Life would have been easier for these people if they had just chosen to live their life alongside corruption but they didn't do that causing them to face severe backlash, trauma and threats from the opposition and at the same time that same backlash ,trauma and threats has kept many people quite as well they chose to priorities themselves which in itself is okay and there is nothing wrong with choosing yourself over the greater good as not everyone will be able to face and handle the severe consequences of fighting back.

Now, to further understand the nuances of choosing integrity in an extremely corrupt environment we must look into the following things:

Workspace culture and cultural norms - In various places corruption is strongly embedded into the culture because of various reasons or in places where abuse of authority is highly prevalent, corruption becomes the natural thing to do and in many cases corruption is the only way to do things. People living in such conditions will find it harder to choose integrity as it will have higher consequences as opposed to places where corruption is not as rampant.

Victim and Perpetrator dynamics - Before we criticize those who don’t choose to fight back and keep quiet about the corruption we must look into the dynamics of victim and perpetrators. The Perpetrators are usually the ones in power hence they are able to abuse such power. But in most cases the victims aren’t in a powerful enough position to fight back. Still it doesn’t change the fact that they might want to act on it so if they want to be able to walk and fight against those in power first they would need to fit in and wait for a time to strike, acting without a plan would only lead to  downfall.

Support and strength - To be able to fight against corruption in a corrupt system one needs support be it from someone in power or thor family and friends who give them the emotional and physiological strength to fight back. People also have an innate ability to withstand all the trauma and backlash that might follow. So to fight back they would also need that strength not only to protect themselves but also the cause that they are fighting for.

Long-Term vs. Short-Term Consequences - The ones who fight back and live the life of integrity will face backlash immediately in the short-term. They would need to withstand it and if they are able to stick to it for a long term and if they make it there will be an astounding effect in the long term as they would not only change their current system but also inspire many to follow as well causing a movement and help in removing corruption in many places.

Whistle blowers - In some cases people might not choose to fight against and speak out openly for the sake of their own safety but they would still be able to keep their integrity by playing the role of whistleblower, meaning they would expose the corrupt activities by media or other ways and not necessarily exposing their identity themselves. This also helps tremendously to reduce corruption and cause a change.

Economic Stability- Whether or not a person takes action also depends on their economic condition as those who are economically stable would be able to fight against corruption without worrying about losing their income whereas those with poor economic condition wouldn't be able to make such decisions as it could lead them to lose their only source of income.

Government and Institutional support - Those living in places where there are systems in place that will protect them from backlash would have it easier to stand up against corruption. But those without strong government support that is willing to protect them and fight against corruption would only discourage people to stand up as they wouldn't have the support that they would need to fight against corruption. In some instances corrupt governments themselves would stop them from standing up against corruption.

Now is the only way to survive and protect our peace is by letting our integrity go ? Absolutely not ! Where there is evil, there is also good, in a fair number of places we should be able to live a life both with integrity and anti-corruption and in cases where there are situations where we need to make that choice we can still choose to obey orders from superiors while not actively engaging in such activities and slowly but surely the system will change. The change may come slowly but we will be able to see such a reality in the distant future. So, slowly by slowly we must work together in order to create an environment for such a future to bloom by playing our respective parts.

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SELF-REFLECTION

PRASIDDHI BHOCHHIBHOYA

It truly has been an enriching experience working on this project. I feel privileged to be a part of this journey, starting first and foremost with my team, who toiled hard to put together the components. In the process, I have gained a much deeper understanding of the concepts of integrity and anti-corruption and how closely these concepts link up with one another. Transparency, equity, and accountability have no better promoter than integrity; and in this regard, it requires a contribution from each one of us for its enshrinement within our societies 

Learning about anti-corruption has opened my eyes to the pervasive nature of the issue and the importance of addressing it at both institutional and individual levels. Corruption undermines trust, weakens systems of governance, and fosters inequality, making it vital for us to come together and spread awareness. In building a culture of integrity, we are promoting the premises on which justice, peace, and harmony thrive, where transparency will be the guiding principle and ethical behavior is going to be a norm. Our unified efforts will bring this dream into reality, and I am proud of the contribution I have given towards this project and for the noble cause .

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 WELCOME SHRESTHA

As being part of this group and collectively writing this blog, I think corruption is really a backlash to society. When corruption happens, people involved in it lose their integrity and go against the ethics of society. Corruption has spread all over the world and is a major drawback for development. From our blog, I have got insight that change should occur from every single individual and take part against such activities. A single human can play a significant role in eradicating corruption. 

And it can also be seen that, legal system has been weak, people never really get justice and people with more power always win. Therefore, we should know that people in authority with power misuse them. As a person, I think I have the strength of eradicating this by making people aware about this and slowly putting light into those people. The challenges faced doing so is that a common citizen doesn't get a chance to put their words forward and those words remain silent. They are never really reached to concerned authorities. For improvement in these things, I think there should be more deserving people in power and there should be services and portals where we can talk about corruption happening around us and that will reach the concerned authorities. Also in conclusion I’d like to include that when self reflecting through this blog, the amount of corruption and loss in integrity is really concerning and if this occurs again and again, the world might be filled with sorrow and misery only. Therefore, we all should get into this together and fight against corruption. Even a small hand is a huge help for discontinuing the corruption cycle. 

#IIMSFightsCorruption #IntegrityAtIIMS #StopCorruptionNow

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SANKET BHATTARAI

Throughout the research it was a good experience on knowing more about integrity and corruption on a deep level. Throughout this research I do feel that I have been able to understand more about my own self values as well as others social norms better.

Firstly, after this research I do start to believe that integrity is a moral compass that guides us to make good and wise decisions in life when even no one is looking at you which is very important to lead our life towards a bright future and positivity as well.

Secondly, also after knowing how deep rooted the problem of corruption is in our society I also came to know about the importance of anti – corruption. As previously I do have also suffered from the effects of corruption. Now after the research I came to know about how to tackle it, which has been one of the most important things I knew during this research.

Altogether, after this research now I have a better understanding on integrity and anti-corruption and  I became more aware of the current scenario of corruption and measures through which it can be decreased or controlled with the help of integrity. This research also forces me to think about my past experiences questioning whether my decisions were ethical or not. I also promised myself that from now onwards I will take each and every decision being true to my principles and never compromise it again.

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SHREYA BALAYA SHRESTHA

It really sickens me to think that there are people who wouldn’t even think twice before compromising the safety and peace of other people just for a few extra bucks but at the same time I can empathies with those who aren't able to stand up against it due to the strong pressure they face due to the power imbalance between them and the corrupt officials. I am also extremely amazed and in awe from the people who stood their ground and fought against even if it meant sacrificing their and their family’s safety. Their heroic stories give me strength and hope that the world in itself is not fully corrupt and that there are good people who exist out there. 

I personally have never been active in knowing what goes around the world and what kind of corruption is taking place because the news was always so gloomy and surrounded by negative stuff. Nevertheless I wish for a world where corruption simply does not exist. But that in itself is just wishful thinking at least for now. I wonder what I would have done if I was in the place of the people who fought back against corruption and I think if the cost for that was a threat to my life then i most likely wouldn't have done so but if the cost was lower than that then maybe I could have? The entire process of writing this blog has made me want to become much stronger mentally and be able to stand up for myself and those around me.

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HRISHI KHATRI

From the research our group has done, I have learned that integrity has played a crucial role in the anti corruption movement and acknowledged how even small acts of corruption can have ripple effects. The major reason for backwardness in development in Nepal is because of the corrupted system and lack of integrity among high position political leaders. After researching on this topic now I am able to make people understand the importance of integrity. When a person understands the importance of integrity, then only he/she will not let the system get corrupted. First things first, there must be a subject about integrity in primary school so that each and everybody can understand about integrity on a deep level which will definitely impact the subconscious mind of a child about honesty and integrity. Personally I feel that I have got the courage and strength to fight against corruption after the research of our team.

In conclusion, I would say that I have become more aware than I was before and I have understood the importance of integrity. Now I can reflect on my willingness to stand against corruption. Even though I had witnessed many unethical behavior in the past, I was not able to stand against it but now I have gained so much strength and courage to stand against any unethical behavior. Lastly, I would say that integrity and honesty plays a crucial role in an individual’s life, that instant guilt will pop up whenever an individual is going to perform an unethical behavior, so a person must understand the importance of integrity.

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PALISTHA MAHARJAN

It's about integrity in a corrupt world that, to me, raises the consideration of just how complicated or moral choices can be. Stories about Malala Yousafzai and Daniel Ellsberg really show how the price sometimes needed to be paid to stand up for what is right can be very expensive. We are able to analyze how the choice is hard to make to stay safe and true to one's beliefs by seeing their experience and challenging whether to priorities our values over our well-being. It's normalized in many environments; that creates a sense of being trapped. The individuals are usually faced with a tough choice: to support harmful practices or risk everything to stand up for what they believe in. The fact that such an environment prevails signals that there is an urgent need for a change in the systems, which allows corruption to be more successful in days to come. I have also noticed how the powerful can change/blur the lines between right and wrong. Of course, there might or may be various challenges, but I still believe that there is hope to fight against corruption. All the tiny changes might lead to larger ones that will enable people to uphold their values more effectively and contribute towards their communities. We'll then be in a position where we'll be able to create cultures that reward ethical conduct and allow ourselves to have honest conversations about the choices we make.

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JENISH RAJBAHAK

From the research we have done. I have learned many new things about Integrity, Corruption and anti-corruption. I think Integrity refers to the quality of being honest. Integrity means having strong principles which plays a very important role in human behavior. A person should take responsibility for their own actions. When a person lacks integrity he/she becomes a victim of corruption. Corruption means the abuse of power for personal gain. There are many types of corruption such as nepotism, favoritism, bribery. When a powerful people corrupts they corrupt absolutely without caring about the consequences. Corruption is deeply rooted issue. We have been suffering from this disease known as corruption for a long time with little to no success at curing it. Due to corruption there is lack of development in every sector. Corruption is a huge problem that is happening in both the public and private sector. From this research I came to know that there is problem there is also a solution. Anti-corruption means the efforts which are done to reduce corruption in both public and private sectors. We should promote transparency and give access to information. We should empower citizens and close international loopholes. Therefore, fighting against corruption is not just a government responsibility but also a personal responsibility. We all should unit and fight against corruption.

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CONCLUSION 

To conclude, there is a strong connection and influence between integrity and corruption. The losses, damage and trauma incurred by the individuals when they decide to protect and keep their integrity while working in an organization infested with massive corruption have not gone without suffering some consequences but being honest was one of the ethical choices they made. Examples from history prove the great difficulties of whistleblowers and people who act based on principles of purity and who have significant consequences. However, the proper importance of integrity is preserved, as it takes the role of ethics in decision making. While the temptation to finally submit to corruption might seem wrong, it is high time to realize that the change comes from personal action and is supported by a culture promoting integrity. If we can introduce conditions that allow integrity to take place and make it normalized then we can reduce support at the systems that hinder progress. Lastly, the way toward a better ethical world means the unity and strong-willed aspiration to build the future generations with ethical and honorable goals in spite of all the difficulties they can face. We wish for such a future where everyone can live with their head high with integrity without having to bow down to corruption due to strong influences and power imbalance. This could be achieved by creating a stronger support system as well creating change by awareness and motivating people to have a stronger sense of integrity and strengthening their moral compass.

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REFERENCES

Dubey, S. (2003). Whistleblowing on corruption in the Golden Quadrilateral project. National Highways Authority of India. Retrieved from https://www.nhai.org

Ellsberg, D. (1971). The Pentagon Papers: Secret history of the Vietnam War. United States Department of Defense. Retrieved from https://www.archives.gov

Manning, C. (2013). United States v. Pfc. Chelsea Manning: Trial, leaks, and revelations. U.S. Army Court Documents. Retrieved from https://www.armycourtmartialdocs.gov

Poudel, A. (2020, September 23). Dr. Govinda K.C. on his 19th hunger strike demanding reforms in the medical education sector. The Kathmandu Post. Retrieved from https://kathmandupost.com

Snowden, E. (2019). Permanent record. Metropolitan Books.

Yousafzai, M. (2013). I Am Malala: The girl who stood up for education and was shot by the Taliban. Little, Brown and Company.

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